By the fall of , 20 victims, including several men, had been society built on the principles of political and social liberalism that emerged executed, and more than others were in jail where another five victims with difficulty in 17th- and 18th-century Europe. When the philosopher John Locke, this sort of liberalism emphasized the rights of the charges threatened to spread beyond Salem, ministers throughout the colony individual and constraints on government power.
The governor of the colony agreed. Those still Most immigrants to America came from the British Isles, the most in jail were later acquitted or given reprieves. In religion, the Although an isolated incident, the Salem episode has long fascinated majority adhered to various forms of Calvinism with its emphasis on both Americans.
Most historians agree that Salem Village in experienced a divine and secular contractual relationships. These greatly facilitated the kind of public hysteria, fueled by a genuine belief in the existence of witch- emergence of a social order built on individual rights and social mobility. The craft. While some of the girls may have been acting, many responsible adults development of a more complex and highly structured commercial society in became caught up in the frenzy as well.
The constant reconstruction of and the accusers. Salem Village, as much of colonial New England, was society along an ever-receding Western frontier equally contributed to a lib- undergoing an economic and political transition from a largely agrarian, Pu- eral-democratic spirit.
Many of In Europe, ideals of individual rights advanced slowly and unevenly; the the accusers were representatives of a traditional way of life tied to farming concept of democracy was even more alien.
The effort to rising commercial class of small shopkeepers and tradesmen. In the newer commercial class was one repeated in communities throughout Ameri- end, it led to reaction and gave legitimacy to a decadent old order. In America, can history. It took a bizarre and deadly detour when its citizens were swept the European past was overwhelmed by ideals that sprang naturally from the up by the conviction that the devil was loose in their homes.
The principles of liberalism The Salem witch trials also serve as a dramatic parable of the deadly and democracy were strong from the beginning. A society that had thrown off consequences of making sensational, but false, charges.
Three hundred years the burdens of European history would naturally give birth to a nation that later, we still call false accusations against a large number of people a saw itself as exceptional.
Tensions between the strictly religious Puritans, who first settled the region, and the more secular population were characteristic of the colonial era in New England. Cotton Mather was one of the leading Puritan figures of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. His massive Ecclesiastical History of New England is an exhaustive chronicle of the settlement of New England and the Puritan effort to establish a kingdom of God Statue of Roger Williams, early champion of religious freedom in the wilderness of the and the separation of church and state.
Williams founded the colony of New World. Rhode Island after leaving Massachusetts because of his disapproval of its religious ties to the Church of England. Franklin embodied the virtues of shrewd practicality and the optimistic belief in self-improvement often associated with America itself. Today, they are regarded as a classic defense of republican government, in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches check and balance each other to protect the rights and freedoms of the people.
Local militia confronted British troops marching to seize colonial armaments in the nearby town of Concord. The battle of Yorktown led to the end of the war and American independence, secured in the Treaty of Paris. Left: U. They traveled thousands of miles, from Camp Wood, Illinois, to Oregon, through lands that eventually became 11 American states.
Supreme Court from to , in a portrait President George Washington. Hamilton advocated a strong federal government by Alonzo Chappel. In a series of landmark cases, Marshall established the principle and the encouragement of industry.
European continent. Revolution usually entails social upheaval and violence on a wide scale. By these criteria, the American Revolution was relatively mild. About , Loyalists left the new United States. Some thousands were members of old elites who had suffered expropriation of their property and been expelled; others were simply common people faithful to their King.
The majority of those who went into exile did so voluntarily. The Revolution did open up and further liberalize an already liberal society. In New York and the Carolinas, large Loyalist estates were divided among small farmers. Liberal assumptions became the official norm of American political culture — whether in the dis- establishment of the Anglican Church, the principle of elected national and state executives, or the wide dissemination of the idea of individual freedom.
Yet the structure of society changed little. Revolution or not, most people re- mained secure in their life, liberty, and property. The evangelical enthusiasm in New England gave rise to interdenominational missionary societies, formed to evangelize the West. Members of these societies not only acted as apostles for the faith, but as educators, civic leaders, and exponents of Eastern, urban culture.
Publication and education societies promoted Christian education. Most notable among them was the American Bible Society, founded in Social activism inspired by the revival gave rise to abolition of slavery groups and the Society for the Promotion of Temperance, as well as to efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill.
His revivals were characterized by careful planning, showmanship, and advertising. Finney preached in the Burned-Over District throughout the s and the early s, before moving to Ohio in to take a chair in theology at Oberlin College, of which he subsequently became president. Two other important religious denominations in America — the Mormons and the Seventh Day Adventists — also got their start in the Burned- Over District. Charismatic, forceful, and passionate, Jackson forged an effective political coalition within the Democratic Party with Westerners, farmers, and working people.
In the Appalachian region, the revival took on characteristics similar to the Great Awakening of the previous century. Pioneers in thinly populated areas looked to the camp meeting as a refuge from the lonely life on the frontier. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events.
Probably the largest camp meeting was at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in August ; between 10, and 25, people attended. The great revival quickly spread throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, and southern Ohio, with the Methodists and the Baptists its prime beneficiaries.
Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier. The Methodists had a very efficient organization that depended on ministers — known as circuit riders — who sought out people in remote frontier locations. The circuit riders came from among the common people and possessed a rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert. The Baptists had no formal church organization.
Other candidates for the ministry emerged from these churches, and established a presence farther into the wilderness. The Second Great Awakening exercised a profound impact on American history. Clay became indispensable for his role in preserving the Union with the Missouri Compromise of and William Lloyd Garrison, whose the Compromise of Liberator, from its first issue in to , when the last issue appeared at the close of the Civil War.
African-American abolitionist of the In later years, she joined 19th century, escaped from slavery in Harriet Tubman, a former slave who rescued Anthony in founding the His speech about his sufferings hundreds from slavery through the Underground National Woman Suffrage as a slave at the Massachusetts Anti- Railroad.
The Underground Railroad was a vast Association. Victorious at Chancellorsville, Southern forces advanced north into Pennsylvania, but were defeated at the three-day battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the Civil War and the largest battle ever fought in North America.
More Americans died in the Civil War than in any other conflict in U. Grant, who led Union forces to victory in the Civil War and became the 18th president of the United States.
He fights. Confederate General Robert E. Congress during family, Carnegie immigrated to the United States and made his fortune by building the Reconstruction Era, following the Civil War. Seated at left is H.
Believing that the from Mississippi. The others were members of the House of Representatives, from wealthy had an obligation to give back to society, he endowed public libraries across the states of Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia. Samuel Langhorne Clemens , better known by his pen name of Mark Twain, Although practically is perhaps the most widely unknown during her read and enjoyed American lifetime, Emily Dickinson writer and humorist.
In his is now seen as Adventures of Huckleberry one of the most brilliant Finn and other works, Twain and original poets America developed a style based on has ever produced.
Army, when his warriors defeated forces under the command of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in The Plains Indians who defeated his army were resisting white intrusions into their sacred lands and U.
Settlers staked their claim, put up tents, and then swiftly began erecting board shacks and houses — a pattern repeated throughout the West. Left, a vessel at the Gatun locks of the Panama Canal. The United States acquired the rights to build the canal in in a treaty with Panama, which had just rebelled and broken away from Colombia.
Under the terms of the treaty, the canal reverted to Panamanian control on December 31, From to , almost 19 million people entered the United States as immigrants. Below, children working at the Indiana Glass Works in Enacting child labor laws was one of the principal goals of the Progressive movement in this era. Newly arrived immigrant families, largely from Eastern and southern Europe in this period, often settled in densely populated urban enclaves.
Typically, their children, or grandchildren, would disperse, moving to other cities or other parts of the country. Orville is shown here at the controls of a later model plane in Thomas Edison examines film used in the motion picture projector that he invented with George Eastman.
Bell, an immigrant from Scotland who settled in Boston, invented the telephone 16 years earlier, in They are, seated from left, Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Prime Minister could reject the constraints and traditions of their elders. Despite strenuous efforts, Wilson automobiles, and the 10 millionth Ford Model-T. The Model-T was the first car whose was unable to persuade the U.
Senate to agree to American participation in the new price and availability made car ownership possible for large numbers of people. League of Nations established in the aftermath of the war. It moved in a westward direction for nearly years through densely forested wilderness and barren plains until the decennial census of revealed that at last the United States no longer possessed a discernible line of settlement. At the time it seemed to many that a long period had come to an end — one in which the country had grown from a few struggling outposts of English civilization to a huge independent nation with an identity of its own.
In , the historian Frederick Jackson Turner, expressing a widely held sentiment, declared that the frontier had made the United States more than an United States of America, showing territorial expansion from to His analysis implied that an America without a frontier would trend ominously toward what were seen as the European ills of strati- fied social systems, class conflict, and diminished opportunity.
After more than a hundred years scholars still debate the significance of the frontier in American history. Few believe it was quite as all-important as Turner suggested; its absence does not appear to have led to dire consequenc- es. Some have gone farther, rejecting the Turner argument as a romantic glo- rification of a bloody, brutal process — marked by a war of conquest against Mexico, near-genocidal treatment of Native American tribes, and environmen- tal despoliation.
The common experience of the frontier, they argue, was one of hardship and failure. Yet it remains hard to believe that three centuries of westward movement had no impact on the national character and suggestive that intelligent foreign observers, such as the French intellectual, Alexis de Tocqueville, were fasci- nated by the American West.
D ernment. In September , Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus and imposed martial law on those who interfered with recruitment or gave Republican Party, and divided the Democratic Party along regional lines.
This breech of civil law, although constitution- The Civil War demonstrated that the Whigs were gone beyond recall and ally justified during times of crisis, gave the Democrats another opportunity the Republicans on the scene to stay. It also laid the basis for a reunited to criticize Lincoln.
The need to manage a war did not and racial sensitivities. Indeed, the mood of the North was such that Lincoln deter them from also enacting a protective tariff to foster American was convinced he would lose his re-election bid in November South, while the Democrats, through their criticism of Reconstruction, allied The war also laid the basis for Democratic reunification because themselves with the neo-Confederate Southern white majority.
This group came to that the country was nearly evenly divided between the two parties. Opposition ment increasingly would be perceived as one of allegiance to big business to emancipation had long been party policy. In , for example, virtually and finance. They also resented the establish- identified with a hated African-American supremacy. For the next three- ment of a military draft March that disproportionately affected them. For much of Race riots erupted in several Northern cities.
Federal troops, who just legacy of Reconstruction was the African Americans. Originally founded by religious dissidents from England known as Puritans, Massachusetts was a leader in the struggle for independence against England. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It prescribes the form and authority of the federal government, and ensures the fundamental freedoms and rights of the citizens of the country through the Bill of Rights.
Supreme Court, the highest court of France to the United States, it was intended to be an impressive symbol of human in the land. The words engraved on the lintel over the Greek pillars embody one liberty. Carbon tests of the effigy revealed that the creators of this 1,foot monument were members of the Native-American Fort Ancient Culture A.
First rung on July 8, , to celebrate the Two monuments to the central role Spain played in the exploration of what is now adoption of the Declaration the United States.
Top, the Castillo de San Marcos, built to guard St. Supreme Court. Serra led the Spanish colonization of what is today the state of California. From left to right, they are: George Washington, commander of the Revolutionary Army and first president of the young nation; Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence; Theodore Roosevelt, who led the country toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy; and Abraham Lincoln, who led the country through the Civil War and freed the slaves.
Among other treasured items owned by the first president on display there, visitors can see one of the keys to the Bastille, a gift to Washington from the Marquis de Lafayette.
This portion of the monument was designed by Maya Lin, then a student at Yale University. Fireworks celebrating the arrival of the Millennium illuminate two major monuments in Washington, D.
The U. Constitution, the Declaration of the Washington Monument was dedicated on February 21, Independence, and the Bill of Rights are on display in this Washington, D. John Pierpont J. At the same time, his firm undertook a short-term guarantee of the foreigners. By the time of his death in , the country was in the final stages of at last reestablishing a central bank, the Federal Reserve System, that would assume much of the re- sponsibility he had exercised unofficially.
Non-Euro- peans came, too: east from Japan, south from Canada, and north from Mexico. During the first 15 years of the 20th century alone, over By the early s, an alliance was forged between wage-conscious 13 million people came to the United States, many passing through Ellis Is- organized labor and those who called for restricted immigration on racial or land, the federal immigration center that opened in New York harbor in The first official census in had numbered Americans at 3,, The Great Depression of the s dramatically slowed immigration still Approximately half of the population of the original 13 states was of English further.
With public opinion generally opposed to immigration, even for per- origin; the rest were Scots-Irish, German, Dutch, French, Swedish, Welsh, secuted European minorities, relatively few refugees found sanctuary in the and Finnish.
These white Europeans were mostly Protestants. Throughout the postwar decades, the United States continued to cling From early on, Americans viewed immigrants as a necessary resource for to nationally based quotas. Supporters of the McCarran-Walter Act of an expanding country. As a result, few official restrictions were placed upon argued that quota relaxation might inundate the United States with Marxist immigration into the United States until the s. As more and more im- subversives from Eastern Europe.
Rela- was threatened. In the hemispheric quotas were over whether or not the United States ought to welcome arrivals from every replaced by a worldwide ceiling of ,, a limit reduced to , after corner of the globe. Jefferson wondered whether democracy could ever rest passage of the Refugee Act of However, few supported closing the gates to newcomers immigration, with arrivals from Asia, Africa, and Latin America transforming in a country desperate for labor.
We are at a critical juncture in human history, which could lead to widely contrasting futures. The report's first chapter briefly reviews the recent history of civil conflict and the Having outlined the population changes that typically occur during ; Cincotta RP, Engelman R. Box 2. Cincotta, R. Family history of pre-eclampsia as Bruce Lee. Life is always enjoyable since God always gives us the best. Researcher Protestant forms of faith and worship Cincotta, Puritan is well Cincotta, Howard.
An Outline of American History. USA: United States. Example species summary and distribution map. Human of the North American Benthological Society — Our comprehensive review of the literature identified very few papers R.
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